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Democratization From Below : Protest Evens And Regime Change In Indonesia 1997-1998
The transition from authoritarian rule in Indonesia is not initiated by a division within elite (hardliners versus soft-liners). In Indonesia, the elite did not initiate the reform; they only responded later. The masses. the non-elite actors, iniated the Reform.
Economic crisis (deprivation theory) is necessary but not sufficient to explain them.Availability of resources and the role of political entrepreneurs (resource mobilization theory) also played a critical role in mobilizing the protest event.
Support of influential elites and the negative policies of the incumbent government at the time of the crisis (political opportunity structure theory) contributed to the magnitude and the power of those protest event. However,protest event not only accelerated political reform, they also spread hatred and bloody societal conflict based on religion, race and ethnicity.
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